shutting oneself up in one's house; staying indoors; living in seclusion; house arrest (Edo-period punishment)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to order; to command; to appoint
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
shade; shadow; behind (something); other side; the background; behind the scenes
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
a little; a few; small; only; just; merely
tatami mat (esp. as a measure of room size, either 1.82 sqm or 1.54 sqm)
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) han (unit of land area, approx. 595.8 m^2)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
farmer; peasant; farming; country bumpkin; yokel; the common people
chōnin (Edo-period social class of town-dwelling commoners, esp. landowning merchants); townspeople; townsfolk; tradespeople
irrespective (e.g. of age); without discrimination; without distinction
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
to aspire to; to aim for; (arch.) to give a gift (as a token of gratitude, goodwill, etc.); (arch.) to perform a memorial service
to meet; to assemble; to congregate
day and night; around the clock
always; constantly; at all times; habitually
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
unusual; unconventional; mold-breaking; outside the box
school; school building; schoolhouse
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
first generation; founder
prime minister (as the head of a cabinet government); premier
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
to visit; to call on; to arrive (of a season, situation, etc.); to come; to appear
Ansei era (1854.11.27-1860.3.18)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
Suō (former province located in the southeast of present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture)
a family; a household; (one's own) style; school; gang; (yakuza) family
in its entirety; whole; wholly
common foot soldier (feudal Japan); samurai of the lowest rank
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation