indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
rate; ratio; profit; assignment; 10%; unit of ten percent; match
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
regarding; in; to; towards; with regards to
desire for revenge; vengeful thought
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
tearing; ripping; crunching; munching; stiff; starchy; (working) hard
completely beating somebody up; being completely knocked down; thoroughly bashing somebody
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
company president; manager; director
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
obsession; fixation; complaining; criticizing; speciality (e.g. of restaurants)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
every month; each month; monthly
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
to make a payment via bank deposit transfer; to discard another player's winning tile
bribe; secret fund; slush fund; money for bribery
dogwood (Cornus controversa)
regular; normal; formal; legal; established; legitimate
price of a flower; fee for a geisha's companionship
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
payment made via bank deposit transfer; discarding a tile that becomes another player's winning tile
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
(camera) shutter; shutter (for a door, window, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
security police; special police; special; TV special; standard-playing (record); SP; shore patrol
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...