mourning; abstinence; taboo; religious purification; pure; holy
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
retirement (from work); leading a quiet life (after retirement); retired person; retiree; surrendering headship of the family (pre-WWII)
mess; sorry state; -ways; -wards; in the act of ...; just as one is ...
military forces; hosts; troops
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to corner; to drive to the wall; to run down; to track down; to chase after
tongue; tongue-like object; clapper (of a bell); talon (of a lock)
to ring; to sound; to be popular; to be esteemed; to state; to insist
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
effect; result; worth; Kai (former province located in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to rush on; to attack; to swoop down on
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
position; location; base; point; site
rally; recovery; comeback; winding (thread, etc.)
to plan; to attempt; to plot; to conspire; to aim for; to strive for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to pin down; to hold down; to cover (esp. a part of one's body with one's hand); to clutch (a body part in pain); to get a hold of; to obtain
such ... as; or some such
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
so; like this; in this way
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet