indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to slip out; to sneak away; to break into the lead; to get ahead; to begin to fall out (e.g. hair); to break out (of a loop)
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
soon; before long; shortly; close (by); near; nearby
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
babysitting; babysitter; taking care of; assisting; assistant
to reward; to recompense; to repay; to retaliate; to get revenge
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
current master; father of one's current master; minister (of government); noble; (arch.) nobleman's residence
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
happy event; cause for celebration; congratulations
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
of course; certainly; naturally
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be delighted; to be glad; to congratulate; to gratefully accept
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
from the beginning; from the first; all along; of course
readiness; preparedness; resolution; resignation
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
loveable; very likeable; like very much
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
than; from; out of; except; but; more