indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Minister of the Interior (669-1868 CE); Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal (1885-1945 CE)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
Ministry of Justice (in Tang-dynasty China)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
how; in what way; how about
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt