castle (in place names); castle; fortress
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
speedy; as rapid as possible; as soon as possible
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
self restraint; moderating one's behaviour; penitence; confinement to one's home; house arrest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to untie; to unfasten; to unsew; to unstitch; to solve; to work out; to dispel (misunderstanding, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to stagnate; to be delayed; to be left undone; to be overdue (of a payment); to fall into arrears; to be outstanding
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to come alive; to get going; to start to move
suitable time; good time; propriety; moderation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
with a feeling of relief; with a sigh of relief; deeply (sigh)
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
slowly; unhurriedly; without haste; leisurely; at one's leisure
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
how many years; how long; what year
style; manner; way; after (period of time) again (e.g. meeting again after a year); for the first time in (period of time)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
extra; more; unnecessary; needless; all the more; even more
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to be called; to do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
document; writing; letter; document addressed to someone
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...