this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
that day; the very same day
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in comparison to; rather than
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to run to; to come running; to rush (someplace); to hasten
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
destruction; collapse; crumbling
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
flag; pataka (banner); banner (administrative division of Inner Mongolia)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
shelter; safe shelter; evacuation shelter; place of refuge
to prepare; to provide; to set up; to establish; to organize
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
temporary; provisional; fictitious; assumed (name); hypothetical; theoretical
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to change; to swap; to change the object of one's interest or focus; to spend or take time; to infect; to permeate something with the smell or colour of something; to move on to the next or different stage of (a plan, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")