Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(way of) life; living; livelihood; life circumstances
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to get tired of; to lose interest in; to be fed up with; to have enough
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
deep in the mountains; mountain recesses
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
reason; cause; circumstances
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
unusual; rare; new; novel; fine (e.g. gift)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
whole life; a lifetime; all through life; (the only, the greatest, etc.) of one's life
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
news; word; tidings; omen
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
haste; hurry; expedition; speed; dispatch
Echigo (former province located in present-day Niigata Prefecture)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
just now; a moment ago; this very minute
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
to pledge allegiance; to swear an oath of allegiance; to take an oath of allegiance
to be born again; to make a fresh start in life
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
preliminary arrangements; preparation; spadework; pre-cooking