indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
extortionist that threatens to disrupt stock-holder meetings; sokaiya
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(bank) president; greenroom manager (in a theater)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
please (give me); please (do for me)
wide open sky; the blue; heavens; firmament
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
special duty; being in sole charge of a duty; senior managing director; executive director
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
bank; banking institution
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
how; in what way; how about
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
director; executive; officer; official; person in charge
the Eastern Capital (now Tokyo); Yedo; Edo