indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
suffix for familiar person
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
temple; shrine; hall; company; (arch.) front room
medicine manufacture; drug manufacture
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
company president; manager; director
oak tree; (arch.) imperial palace guard
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
please (give me); please (do for me)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
wisdom; jnana (higher knowledge)