indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
(arch.) office; (arch.) official; chief; head; (Yaeyama Islands in Okinawa) person (usually a woman) whose duty it is to officiate at religions ceremonies
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
stealth; travelling incognito (traveling); ninjutsu; ninja; sneak theft; sneak thief; tolerance
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
crow (Corvus spp.); raven
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
princess; daughter of a nobleman
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
adds force or indicates command
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
to disrupt; to ruin; to hinder; to thwart
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to say; to be called; to do
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle