congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
boy; son; baby boy; young man
variety; kind; type; counter for kinds, species, etc.
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
excursion; field trip; school trip
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
recollection; retrospection; reflection; reminiscence
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to memorize; to memorise; to commit to memory; to learn by heart; to bear in mind; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
again; once more; a second time
to gather; to collect; to assemble
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
in succession; one by one
incomprehensible; mysterious; inexplicable; inscrutable; enigmatic; baffling
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!