indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to have an ulterior motive; to have an axe to grind
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to receive punishment; to be punished; to pay a penalty
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
just now; a moment ago; this very minute
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
Tokyo Metropolis (prefecture); Tokyo metropolitan area
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
popularity; public favor; condition (e.g. market); tone; character
arrest; apprehension; capture
to repeat; to do something over again
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
by means of; due to; because of; according to
chairman; moderator; toastmaster; master of ceremonies; chairperson; host (of a TV show, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
each time; every time; whenever (something happens); on the occasion of
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
likability; favorability; popularity
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go to the top; to climb to the top; to ascend to the top; to be engrossed in; to be very enthusiastic about; to be infatuated with
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to bring to light; to expose (to the world)
general public; the masses
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
justice; right; righteousness; correct meaning; correct explanation
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to respond; to answer; to meet (e.g. demands, expectations); to affect; to take a toll; to strike home
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly