smuggling; bootlegging; illicit trade
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
police; police officer; police station
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
investigation (e.g. by police or prosecutors); examination; inquiry; enquiry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
public entertainment; performing arts; accomplishments; attainments
president (of a society); chairman
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
inside a police station, fire station, tax office, etc.
(within) the (Tokyo) metropolitan area
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
transportation; conveyance; delivery; hospitalization; transfer to hospital
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
series; chain; two reams (i.e. 1000 sheets of paper); verse; stanza
by means of; due to; because of; according to
continuation; succession; series
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
resembling closely; being strikingly similar; bearing a strong likeness
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
popularity; public favor; condition (e.g. market); tone; character
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")