indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
spring day; spring sunlight
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
torii; Shinto shrine archway
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
beyond this point; from now on; after this
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to shoot dead; to bring down (an animal); to win (a prize, someone's heart, etc.); to make one's own
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be needed; to be wanted
dispute; strife; quarrel; dissension; conflict; rivalry
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...