Kantō (region comprising Tokyo and surrounding prefectures); Kantō (eastern half of Japan; during the feudal era)
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
eastern Japan (usu. east of the Chūbu region)
each place; every place; various places; all parts (of the country, world, etc.)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
to cease; to stop; to be over
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Bakumatsu period; closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate; end of the Edo period
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
degree (angle, temperature, scale, etc.); counter for occurrences; strength (of glasses); glasses prescription; alcohol content (percentage); alcohol by volume; extent
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
earth; ground; the solid earth; the (vast) land
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
investigation; examination; inquiry; enquiry; survey
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
proposal; motion; recommendation
the person in question; prominent figure; distinguished person; that person
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
Yezo (northern part of Meiji-era Japan, esp. Hokkaido, but also Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands); Edo-period realm of the Ainu (as opposed to the Japanese) comprising most of Hokkaido
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
often; again and again; over and over again; repeatedly; frequently
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
making frequent appearances; appearing often; appearing and disappearing
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
detailed; full; minute; knowing very well; knowledgeable (about); well-acquainted (with)