the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
propulsion; drive; promotion (of a policy, project, movement, etc.); furtherance; advancement
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
return; comeback; reinstatement; carriage return; CR
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the whole area; all areas
to sink; to go under; to go down (e.g. sun); to set; to feel depressed; to become subdued
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
sinking; foundering; getting dead drunk; having too much fun (esp. in a red-light district, etc.) and missing work or neglecting one's duties; staying in one place for a long time
government; administration
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
classified information; top secret
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
how; in what way; by what means
emigration; immigration; emigrant; immigrant
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
behind closed doors; behind-the-scenes; (under the veil of) secrecy
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
to come to a dead end; to come to a standstill; to reach a deadlock; to reach an impasse; to reach a stalemate
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
to be opposite; to face each other; to confront (an issue); to face
to be helpful; to be dependable; to stand by (someone)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
email; mail (usu. in compound words); post; message (sent over a chat application); instant message; male
personal history; background; log; record; hysteresis