indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
sinking; foundering; getting dead drunk; having too much fun (esp. in a red-light district, etc.) and missing work or neglecting one's duties; staying in one place for a long time
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
village; hamlet; countryside; country; home (of one's parents, etc.); hometown
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
revival; reconstruction; restoration; rebuilding; recovery; renaissance
prime minister (as the head of a cabinet government); premier; leading; overseeing; leader
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
Kanto; region consisting of Tokyo and surrounding prefectures; Kanto; north-eastern half of Japan (during the feudal era)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; the present time; just now; another; more
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
how; in what way; how about
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
please (give me); please (do for me)