professor; teaching; instruction
by means of; due to; because of; according to
alteration; falsification; faking
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to disclose; to divulge; to expose; to open (a grave); to dig out
Ministry of the Environment
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Kanto; region consisting of Tokyo and surrounding prefectures; Kanto; north-eastern half of Japan (during the feudal era)
sinking; foundering; getting dead drunk; having too much fun (esp. in a red-light district, etc.) and missing work or neglecting one's duties; staying in one place for a long time
re-; again; repeated; deutero-; deuto-; deuter-
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
how long; how far; how much
probability; likelihood; chances
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to draw (conclusion); to deduce; to derive
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
Prime Minister's official residence
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
simulation; simulation (of a foul); diving; flopping
image (on a screen); picture (e.g. on a TV); video; film; reflection; image (in one's mind)
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
within; inside of; less than
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
time; hour; period; class
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
extent; scope; sphere; range; span
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital