jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

11

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

11

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

6

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

2

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

4

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

7

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

1

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

1

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

2

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

1

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

2

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

1

be; is

1

that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...

1

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

2

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

1

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

3

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

3

was; were

1

Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker

3

to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage

1

to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back

1

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

3

honorific/polite/humble prefix

3

to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember

1

now; the present time; just now; another; more

1

in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward

1

in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something

2

a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily

1

indicates question

6

direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)

1

man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend

2

today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays

3

however; but

1

he; him; boyfriend

2

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

2

time; hour; period; class

1

sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading

2

inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)

1

to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on

2

to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry

1

this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me

1

to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish

1

to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach

1

mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door

1

name; given name; first name

2

definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness

1

honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix

1