indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
acquisition; obtaining; gaining possession; purchase
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to consider; to eye the possibility (of); to bring into view
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
Japan and the United States; Japanese-American
coincident with; while; simultaneously
sales; selling; marketing
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
door (esp. Japanese-style); shutter; window shutter; (arch.) entrance (to a home); (arch.) narrows
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
Japanese league; ri; neighbourhood (under the ritsuryo system; orig. of 50 homes); unit of area (approx. 654m by 654m)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; flow (of people, things); passage (of time); course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; group of people who remain together after the end of an event
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
adds force or indicates command
articles; supplies; parts
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
management; administration; operation
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
SUV; sport utility vehicle
invasion; incursion; raid; aggression; intrusion; trespass
toppling sideways; turning sideways; falling over sideways; barrel roll
boarding (a train, bus, etc.); getting into (e.g. a taxi)
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun