indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
retired emperor; ex-emperor; former emperor; emperor emeritus
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force or indicates command
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
source (of a river); fountainhead; source; origin; root
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o