indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
adds force or indicates command
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
illness; disease; bad habit; weakness; fault
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
how; in what way; how about; questionable
emperor (of Japan); mikado
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)