indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
honorific/polite/humble prefix
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
family; clan; sect; school; group of related sumo stables
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
participation in government; state councillor (in the ritsuryo system); state councilor; vice-minister (early Meiji period); Cabinet Councillor (1937-1943); Cabinet Councilor
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
central figure; pillar (e.g. of the nation); chief; boss; master carpenter; beams and ridge supports of a roof
service; duty; business; Buddhist religious services
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
emperor (of Japan); mikado
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become