indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
idea; plan; draft; rough copy; expectation; (arch.) desk
influential person; powerful person; big wheel; big gun; power behind the throne
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
giving one's name (or rank, etc.); self-introduction; name readings of kanji
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
frame; framework; border; box; limit; restriction; category
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
South Korea; Republic of Korea; Korean Empire (1897-1910)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
form; method; system; formula
extended game; overtime; extra time; extra innings
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
pair; the two; both persons; both things
point (of a story, argument, etc.); point (e.g. in stock exchange movement); percentage point; switch; points; point; site
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
screen (of a TV, computer, etc.); image (on a screen); picture; surface of a painting (picture, drawing, etc.)
yellow; high-pitched (voice); shrill
mark; symbol; to mark; to put a mark on; trademark; paying attention to; focusing on
guidance; leadership; instruction; shido (disciplinary action for a minor infringement of the rules of judo)
one thin flat object; one sheet
apiece; each; at a time; piecemeal
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to attack; to assault; to assail
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
(one's) whereabouts; destination; where one is headed; outcome; course (of events); future
hanger (e.g. for mosquito net); hanging strap; fisherman; angler; lifting hand (judo)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
place; situation; position; location
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally