Heike family; Taira family
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cut open; to clear (land); to cut (a path, road, etc.); to carve out (a new career, future, etc.); to open up (a new field)
supreme ruler; conqueror; champion; winner; titleholder
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
Heiji era (1159.4.20-1160.1.10)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
two persons; two people; pair; couple
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
origin; genesis; opening; start; beginning
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
adds force or indicates command
entering the priesthood; priest; man with a shaven head; bald-headed monster
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
reform; reformation; reorganization
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
dissatisfaction; discontent; displeasure; complaint; unhappiness
to become stronger; to grow in intensity; to grow violent; to invite contributions, etc.; to solicit help, participation, etc.; to recruit (e.g. soldiers)
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...