indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
entering the priesthood; priest; man with a shaven head; bald-headed monster
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Heike family; Taira family
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
all present; all concerned; all of us
party; group; troop; one act; one action; one deed
emperor (of Japan); mikado
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
medium-ranked councillor in the Department of State