indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
portable shrine (carried in festivals); palanquin; buttocks; lower back
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
river; stream; River; the ... river
to shoot (arrow, bolt, dart)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Heike family; Taira family
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
than; from; out of; except; but; more
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
adds force or indicates command
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
maiko; apprentice geisha; dancing girl
warrior monks from Enryaku temple at Mt. Hiei in Kyoto
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
to say; to be called; to do