indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to turn one's head; to look over one's shoulder; to turn around; to think back (on); to reminisce; to look back (on)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
"bird-in-the-cage" children's game
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)