in short; in a word; to sum up; to put it simply; to make a long story short; after all
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indiscriminate imitation; monkey see, monkey do; blind follower
people; race; nation; ethnic group; ethnos
suddenly; all at once; flaring up (in anger); in a flare
westernization; westernisation
to plan; to intend; to aspire to; to set aims (sights on)
the Industrial Revolution
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
laughable; ridiculous; pitiful; contemptible; absurdity
sure; no mistaking it; for certain; without doubt
deadly serious; deadly earnest
munitions; military stores
the West; the Occident; Western countries
in comparison to; rather than
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
at a stroke; with a single swoop
to learn; to acquire knowledge; to carry; to wear (clothes, etc.); to put on
enrich the country, strengthen the army (Meiji era government slogan)
elbowroom; leeway; room; reserve; margin; allowance
sentiment; emotions; one's feelings; one's heart
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
just before; on the verge of; on the brink of; just in front of; just ahead of
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
to fling off; to throw off; to cast aside; to abandon; to throw to the winds
terrific; fierce; terrible; tremendous; dreadful; awful
life or death; existence; destiny
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
speech meeting; oratorical meeting; meeting to hear a speech
fashion; fad; vogue; prevalence (e.g. of a disease)
Movement for Civic Rights and Freedom (Meiji era); Freedom and People's Rights Movement
being enthusiastic about; being wild about; being absorbed in; being engrossed in; being devoted to