Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inheritance; bequest; legacy; heritage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
room that is forbidden to enter; locked room; unopened room
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(some) more; even more; longer; further
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
suspicious glance; suspicious look; suspicious expression
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
mark; guide; purpose; aim; sight (on a firearm)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
lowborn; humble; vulgar; coarse; shabby; greedy
poor person; pauper; the poor; the indigent
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Kōji era (1142.4.28-1144.2.23)
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to sever relations (with somebody; esp. a relative or spouse); to break off (with)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back