indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(navigable) canal; waterway
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
route; road; distance travelled in a day; one's ... (age, e.g. 40s, 60s)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to appoint; to assign; to designate
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
increasingly; more and more; decreasingly (when declining); less and less
prosperity; flourishing; thriving
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
relocation of the capital; transfer of the capital
to decline (in prosperity); to become deserted; to become desolate; to taper off (of a sound)
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to rally; to make a comeback
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
tumult; great noise; clatter; hustle and bustle
energy; vigour; vigor; liveliness; spirit; life
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to do over again; to redo; to start over; to remake; to resume; to recommence
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
considerable; great; important; significant; a big deal
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)