doctor; PhD; exposition; fair; exhibition
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
confrontation; opposition; antagonism
government; administration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
National Diet; legislative assembly of Japan (1947-); Imperial Diet; legislative assembly of Japan (1889-1947); legislative assembly; parliament
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
the people; citizens; the populace
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to be separated (of clothing); to be exposed; to be wide open; to stand with one's limbs apart; to block the way
adds force or indicates command
antecedents; ancestor; previous position; previous existence; predecessor organization; predecessor organisation
vocational school; technical school
you (plural); all of you; you all
very; much; greatly; a lot of
to strive; to endeavour; to endeavor; to make an effort; to be zealous
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
like-mindedness; (being of the) same mind; shared sentiment; comrade; fellow; kindred soul
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
establishment; founding; incorporation (of a business)
to turn towards; to point
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then