reform; reformation; reorganization
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Dutch studies; studies of Western knowledge
now; the present time; just now; another; more
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to look up (at); to look up to; to respect; to ask for (e.g. guidance); to seek; to depend on
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
used to indicate respect for the listener (or reader)
here I am; I'm home!; presently; right away; right now
to convey (a message, e.g. to one's superior); to communicate; to pass on; to pass along
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ruler's orders; master's orders
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to think, feel, consider, know, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
person who is ignorant of the real world; (lit.) frog in a well
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
disposal; throwing away; dealing with (a problem); measure; punishment; penalty
curfew; lockdown; grounding
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now