sinology; Chinese studies
English studies; English philology; English linguistics
to relate; to narrate; to describe; to confer (a rank)
perilous pass (on a route or journey); rough spot
edible chrysanthemum (Glebionis coronaria); crown daisy; garland chrysanthemum
retirement from public office; going into opposition; losing power
to harm; to hurt; to injure; to damage
exemplar; model; example; pattern
Western learning (introduced to Japan in the late-Edo and early-Meiji eras)
to divide (by); to remove; to exclude
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
to proceed with things; to carry out; to do
origin; beginning; genesis; primeval; primordial; primitive
sophism; chop logic; far-fetched argument; quibble; cavil; argument for argument's sake
to write (a person) up (in a positive or negative light); to write something up so that it stands out; to write up in an exaggerated fashion; to detail; to list
how many times; how often
windy; windswept; receive harsh treatment
down to earth; reasonable
various matters; everything
Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (1871-2001)
face; official stance; public position or attitude (as opposed to private thoughts); ceremony for the erection of the framework of a house
caves dug as tombs in and around Kamakura during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
blind female beggar who sings or plays shamisen
woman; girl; daughter; Chinese "Girl" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
family or person with samurai ancestors
to soothe and humor (humour); to coax
red eyes; bloodshot eyes; red-eye; red mullet (Chelon haematocheilus); facial gesture of pulling one's eyelid down and sticking out one's tongue
ban; prohibition; interdiction; injunction
visit (to a religious site, e.g. shrine, temple, grave)
a lot; plenty; abundant; exaggerated; grandiose
remote mountain; mountain recesses