from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
treaty; pact; convention; agreement
revision; amendment; alteration
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
negotiations; discussions; connection
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
caves dug as tombs in and around Kamakura during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods
how; in what way; how about
consequence; outcome; result; blame
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
Europe and America; the West
major powers of the world; great powers
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pains; hard work; effort; trouble; labour; labor
new government; new administration
ban; prohibition; interdiction; injunction
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
(wrestling) ring; forum (e.g. for discussion); sandbag; gabion
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
spreading around (news, etc.); talking about widely; noising about; circulating
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
how many times; how often
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor