indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
older sister; elder sister
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
not exceeding; and downward; below (e.g. standard); under (e.g. a level); the below-mentioned; the following
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
source; origin; cause; beginning; genesis
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
blind female beggar who sings or plays shamisen
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
kimono; Japanese traditional clothing (esp. full-length); clothing; clothes
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
preparation; arrangements
honorific/polite/humble prefix
saying something (to someone); greeting; approaching (someone)
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
sorry; excuse me; thank you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
tsukemono; Japanese pickled vegetables
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to eat; to drink; to smoke; to suffer (e.g. defeat); to receive (e.g. a blow)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more