Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
March; third month of the lunar calendar
Ōu (the two former provinces of Mutsu and Dewa); Tōhoku
messenger; police and judicial chief (Heian and Kamakura periods); klesha (polluting thoughts such as greed, hatred and delusion, which result in suffering)
party; group; troop; one act; one action; one deed
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
north-east; Tōhoku (northernmost six prefectures of Honshu); Tohoku
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
scum of the earth; monster; fiend
rebels; bandit; robber; traitors
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to decapitate; to take (someone's) head off; to depose; to topple
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
allegiance; obedience; submission
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
various fiefdoms; various domains
relief; aid; help; (religious) salvation; (Christian) grace
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
cooperation; coordination; link
to deepen; to heighten; to intensify
opportunity; chance; trigger; cause
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
consists of; comprises; is made up of
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
fifth degree (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale)
Yue (kingdom in ancient China; 6th C-334 BCE); Vietnam
formation; establishment; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); reaching (e.g. an agreement); being valid (of a theory, argument, etc.); holding
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
river; stream; River; the ... river
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
new government; new administration
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
to fall into (someone's) hands; to fall under someone's control; to become someone's property (e.g. of an object)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wartime fire; war; wartime destruction; horrors of war