indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
adds force or indicates command
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
river; stream; River; the ... river
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
two (long cylindrical things)
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage