Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
January; first month of the lunar calendar
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
battlefield; battleground
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Imperial standard; (fig.) worthy cause
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
enemy of the emperor; rebel against the imperial government
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to force (someone) to take part; to take along unwillingly
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
leaving behind; desertion; abandonment
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
feudal retainer or warrior
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
anger; rage; fury; wrath; indignation
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
repair; mending; fixing; servicing
to herd; to drive; to corner; to force someone into doing; to go hard; to push yourself
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
latest; newest; late-breaking (news)
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
February; second month of the lunar calendar
sixteenth day of the month; sixteen days
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
quiet (place); still; silent; inconspicuously; modestly; quietly