older brother; elder brother
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
work; labor; achievement; performance; salary; income
no matter how much time passes
allegiance; obedience; submission
to be branded a ...; to be labelled a ...
suffering; distress; hardship; trial
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
massing (of troops); gathering
facing; opposite; across the street; other side
palace; tonic (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); ancient Chinese punishment (castration for men, or confinement for women); zodiacal sign
to encamp; to take up positions
Satsuma and Chōshū (clan alliance)
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
to unfold; to unroll; to open
to excel; to surpass; to exceed; to outweigh; to preponderate
to herd; to drive; to corner; to force someone into doing; to go hard; to push yourself
going up in flames; destruction by fire (esp. of a large building); stirring up a storm of criticism online (of an article, tweet, statement, etc.); becoming the target of an Internet pitchfork mob
to be forced to do or experience something (against one's will); to be forced to do something because one has no other choice
firefight; gun battle; shoot-out
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
to tell (a story); to give an account of (an event, experience, etc.); to relate; to tell of; to show; to indicate
trace; tracks; site; remains; scar
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
new government; new administration
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
surprise; astonishment; wonder; amazement
to write down; to note; to jot down; to remember
empty; void; vain; fruitless; lifeless
new type; new style; new model; new strain (e.g. infectious disease)
to use; to make use of; to utilize; to utilise
after that; afterwards; thereafter
hard fight; close game; struggle; tight contest