indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
girl's lacquered wooden geta; wooden footwear; clogs; sabots
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
flame; blaze; fire; attack; aggression
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
blind female beggar who sings or plays shamisen
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
unmarried woman; Miss; -ess; -ette
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what did you just say (to me)?; what's that?
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
possibly; by some possibility; perhaps
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thereabouts; vicinity; that area; that situation; those circumstances
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
older sister; elder sister
third son; Occella iburia (species of poacher)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?