this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
beginning; opening; start; outset
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryō period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to translate; to interpret
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
distinction; difference; separate; different; exception; exclusion
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
scene; setting; scene (in a movie, play); shot; state of the market
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
opinion; view; comment; scolding; reprimand; rebuke
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to be worried; to be troubled
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
end; conclusion; last; final; once ...; the moment ... (, that's it)
consent; agreement; acceptance; understanding; satisfaction (e.g. with an explanation); being convinced
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
having no choice but to ...; all one can do is ...; there's nothing to do except ...; having nothing but ...; there is only ...; having only ...
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to twist someone's arm and throw them to the ground; to hold (someone) down by twisting their arm; to wrestle (someone) to the floor; to force (someone) to yield (e.g. an argument); to make (someone) surrender
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become