sound of a gunshot; report of a gun
all present; all concerned; all of us
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
so far; up to now; hitherto; that's enough (for today); it ends here
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
genuine; authentic; true; pure
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to obtain; to get; to procure; to win; to secure
chance; opportunity; occasion
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
beautiful tree; tree producing beautiful flowers
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cloth; tablecloth; wallpaper; wall fabric
bow (weapon); archery; bow (for a violin, etc.)
slope; incline; hill; milestone; (age) mark
present point (i.e. in history); at the present time
counter for leaves in a book (esp. one with traditional Japanese-style binding); counter for blocks of tofu; counter for servings in a restaurant; even number; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m)
else; in addition; besides
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
to scatter; to disseminate (e.g. a rumor); to spread (e.g. germs); to distribute widely (e.g. leaflets); to hand out freely; to spend recklessly
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
report (of news); reporting; news; information; (media) coverage
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
all; everything; entirety; absolutely (not); (not) at all; (none) whatsoever
to lay (something) face down; to place upside down; to point downwards (one's eyes, head, etc.); to cast down (one's eyes); to lay (oneself) face down; to lie face down; to conceal