indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
mark; sign; (arch.) plain wood showing the seating order of officials at court; (arch.) nameplate
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
arrangement; preparations; search (by police)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
company employee; member of a corporation; company stockholder (esp. in legal contexts)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
company president; manager; director
business; affairs; duties; work; procedure; task
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
headquarters; head office; main office
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
Kinki (region around Osaka, Kyoto, Nara)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
don't you think?; indicates question
1000 ri; (a) long distance