indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
Kinki (region around Osaka, Kyoto, Nara)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
four (long cylindrical things)
to dig; to excavate; to delve into; to dig up (e.g. vegetables); (for two men) to have anal sex
in spite of; nevertheless; although; despite; no matter the; regardless of
oil; petroleum; kerosene; paraffin
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bubble; foam; froth; head on beer
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
market price; speculation (e.g. on stocks); reputation (according to conventional wisdom); estimation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
again; once more; a second time
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to call (someone) back; to recall; to call home; to bring back (memories, etc.); to recall; to revive
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
wherein; therein; thereinto
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
book; volume; this; present; main; head
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
gas (state of matter, e.g. poison gas, natural gas); gasoline; gas; dense fog; thick fog; gas stove
blowout (oil well, gas field, etc.)
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...