small and medium-sized enterprises; small and medium-sized businesses
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
economy; economics; finance; (one's) finances; being economical; economy
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
bearer; carrier; person bearing responsibility; person in charge; supporter
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
management; administration; operation; running (business); conducting
continuation; persisting; lasting; sustaining; enduring
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
support; backing; aid; assistance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
this world; this life; world of the living
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
financial world; business circles
top; top position; senior management; senior bureaucrat
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
maximum; to the maximum degree; to the full
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that