indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
father; dad; husband; you; he
to succeed (someone); to take over from; to pick up the torch
company president; manager; director
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(corporate) bankruptcy; insolvency; commercial failure; failed business
to be crushed; to be smashed; to become useless; to cease functioning; to go bankrupt; to go out of business
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
factory; plant; mill; workshop
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
death; mortality; to die; to pass away
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
water's edge; beach; shore
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)