indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
possession; ownership; Tibet; Tibetan people
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
adds force or indicates command
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
fungus; germ; bacterium; bacillus
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to