indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tradition; legend; folklore
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
management; administration; operation; running (business); conducting
charisma (i.e. attractiveness, charm); charisma (i.e. divinely conferred power or talent); charism; charismatic person; someone famous (usu. for their talent); celebrity
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
high rice field; very fertile rice field
myself; yourself; I; me; you
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
part-time job; side job; part-time worker; albite
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
so; like this; in this way
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be surprised; to be amazed; to be frightened; surprise (e.g. surprise party)
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
to be amazed; to be shocked; to be astonished; to be astounded; to be disgusted; to be exasperated
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
charge for a meal (usu. at school); school lunch fee